Vowels and Marks

The signs that determine the pronunciation of letters are called 'harakat'. There are three harakat: Fatha ( ◌َ ) makes thin letters sound like 'e' and thick letters sound like 'a'. Kasra ( ◌ِ ) makes thin letters sound like 'i' and thick letters sound like a sound between 'ı' and 'i'. Damma ( ◌ُ ) makes thin letters sound between 'u' and 'ü', and thick letters sound like 'u'.